Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo – Marie Byamwungu fiddles with the overlong sleeves of her camouflage shirt, the navy uniform hanging like a dressing up on her slight fame.
However her lips curl again right into a wry smile when the 20-year-old, whose actual title we’re not utilizing for safety causes, describes fierce battles between her militia group and M23 rebels, who’re in the midst of an insurgency in jap Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
“I’ve seen heavy fighting, but I am proud. I can still go to fight,” she says, sitting in a paramilitary base some three kilometres (1.9 miles) from the entrance traces, north of the town of Goma.
Behind her, a bunch of younger males lounge in a pocket of shade, joking loudly whereas holding assault rifles loosely throughout their knees.
The fighters have taken up arms underneath the umbrella of the Wazalendo, or “patriots” in Kiswahili – native self-defence forces who say they’re combating to guard their communities from M23 assaults.
Initially composed of former troopers mutinying from the Congolese military in 2012, M23 resurfaced with elevated navy actions in early 2022.
The M23 rise up has led to renewed violence and displacement. Some 1.7 million folks have been pressured to flee their houses in jap DRC, with many residing in makeshift constructions of plastic sheeting and flimsy wooden, constructed precariously on the outskirts of cities in North Kivu province.
In accordance with the United Nations Group of Consultants and the US Division of State, M23 is backed by Rwanda and Uganda. The UN consultants have additionally accused some 3,000 to 4,000 Rwandan troops of combating alongside M23, with their forces equalling these of the rebels. Each Rwanda and Uganda deny supporting the M23 rise up.
In November 2022, Congolese President Felix Tshisekedi referred to as on younger folks to affix the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) in its struggle towards M23, or at the least to take up weapons independently.
“I invite them to organise themselves into vigilance groups with a view to propping up, accompanying and supporting our armed forces,” the president mentioned in a speech broadcast on nationwide tv.
Afterwards, the leaders of a number of infamous armed teams met secretly within the distant jap city of Pinga, to signal a non-aggression pact agreeing to unite with the FARDC towards M23, in keeping with Human Rights Watch. A subsequent authorities decree of September 2023 legalised the presence of militias inside the nationwide military.
In an embattled area that’s residence to greater than 100 armed teams, the Wazalendo coalition now consists of newly fashioned insurgent models and long-established fighters who’ve battled in every of the successive conflicts to rock DRC during the last three a long time.
Members of the Wazalendo and the FARDC say they’re companions within the wrestle towards M23. The Wazalendo typically cost into battle forward of their navy counterparts, with the FARDC following behind militia battalions.
Judith Verweijen, an assistant professor at Utrecht College learning militarisation in Congo, describes the state of affairs in blunt phrases. “These armed groups have, in fact, gotten a blank check from the FARDC to do as they please,” she advised Al Jazeera.
Girls on the entrance
Girls have joined the Wazalendo for various causes; amongst them, to flee financial hardship, search safety, seek for affect, or just because they really feel that they haven’t any different choices than to struggle.
Byamwungu is without doubt one of the feminine fighters taking to the battlefield alongside the bulk male combatants. She and most different ladies within the Wazalendo have enlisted in low rank-and-file positions, so are significantly vulnerable to dying in fight, consultants say.
Battle uprooted Byamwungu across the similar time that Tshisekedi was calling on younger folks to take up arms.
She nonetheless remembers the sounds of heavy bombs and mortars falling on her village, as Congolese troopers fought with M23. She couldn’t save any of her possessions. The one possibility was to run wildly south in the direction of Goma together with her household, reaching a dilapidated displaced individuals camp by a roadside main out of the town.
Its feather-white tents had been constructed atop hardened lava rocks left over from previous eruptions of the close by volcano Mount Nyiragongo, giving the very floor of the place a hellish high quality.
She by no means had sufficient meals to eat. Girls who ventured into the close by forest to search for sustenance had been in peril of being raped by armed teams. Kids who walked into Goma to beg had been hit by bikes and automobiles.
“We were starving in the camp,” Byamwungu says bitterly.
Members of the Wazalendo typically strode previous her tent on their method to drink at close by bars and manned positions within the surrounding hills, simply seen from the camp.
After two years, Byamwungu determined to affix the Wazalendo herself. Her mom begged her to stay with the household and keep protected, however her father didn’t attempt to cease her. He was happy, Byamwungu says.
She opted to affix an outfit of fighters referred to as the Union of Forces for the Patriotic Defence of Congo (UFPDC), swearing her allegiance to them three months in the past.
Byamwungu was educated to shoot a gun, and to intention it in the direction of opponents. Alongside different feminine fighters, she took duty for cleansing the bottom and cooking for the male fighters.
The plastic tents of her new residence look very similar to the displacement camp she left behind, with momentary constructions constructed haphazardly between low slopes and bushes. Empty bottles of gin litter the bottom.
Byamwungu has not seen her dad and mom since becoming a member of the Wazalendo. She misses them typically, however her mom and father have since gone again to their village. When Byamwungu returned to the previous camp searching for her household, she solely discovered her brother, and hinted to him that she wished to return residence.
“My brother said, there is nothing to change. You cannot leave. Be patient and be courageous,” Byamwungu remembers. She listened and shortly went again to the insurgent base.
“We have so many young people,” says Normal Mbokani Kimanuka, who based the UFPDC in the course of the first M23 warfare in 2012. “They are leaving their homes and businesses to join the fighting. They have all become patriots.”
Members of the Wazalendo say they’re sustained by the kindness of close by communities. “Local people tell us to be strong,” the Normal says. “They provide some food, plastic sheets and plastic boots.”
It’s their familial connection to jap DRC that retains UFPDC fighters protected, Kimanuka claims. “We are native. We are born here. We have protection from our grandfathers.” Earlier than every battle, Kimanuka and his troops pray to God and the ancestors.
Unruly actors
Kimanuka’s UFPDC just isn’t the one armed group to embrace feminine recruits.
When Tshisekedi referred to as on younger folks to take up arms and defend the nation, Vivienne Ntumba – additionally utilizing a pseudonym for her safety – was keen to affix the navy.
Her mom forbade it, worrying that military operations would take Ntumba too distant from residence. The lady protested. Eventually, mom and daughter agreed that she would as a substitute be a part of one of many Wazalendo teams combating towards M23.
Ntumba chosen the Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo (APCLS).
Established in 2006 by Normal Janvier Karairi, it was one of many militias to signal the non-aggression pact in Pinga in 2022. Since final 12 months, Karairi has been topic to sanctions from the European Union over his involvement in armed violence within the nation.
The APCLS wing, which Ntumba joined, occupies territory in Nyiragongo, not removed from the entrance traces north of Goma.
Solely 24 years previous, Ntumba oversees a dozen different feminine fighters. She deploys the ladies to the locations the place combating is fierce, and runs ammunition between male gunners.
“I feel proud because we are all on the front line,” she says, sweeping lengthy pink braids from her eyes. She additionally reminds fighters to not loot or steal.
Al Jazeera met Ntumba on the roof of a bar on the outskirts of Goma. As she advised her story, different fighters drank deeply from bottles of beer and smoked cigarettes, inexperienced glass shining on the bottom.
Younger, exuberant and unpredictable, the Wazalendo casually stroll previous displacement camps in uniform and carouse at native bars, feasting on greasy goat brochette and powerful beer.
Throughout an April go to to jap DRC, United Nations Excessive Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Turk accused members of the Wazalendo of committing human rights abuses. A report from the UN Group of Consultants particularly charged the Nyiragongo contingent of APCLS, with which Ntumba fights, of violations together with executions, kidnappings for ransom and arbitrary detentions.
Al Jazeera repeated these allegations to Normal Nibunda Kakuru, who instructions a brigade of the Nyiragongo wing of APCLS. “It is lies. Lies,” he mentioned calmly. “This is new information to me. I don’t know if there is any case of it.”
The final has been at warfare for nearly half his life, working his manner by the ranks of armed teams since he was 16 years previous.
Kakuru advised Al Jazeera that the Congolese navy was offering meals and unspecified “military equipment” to APCLS, and that the military and the Wazalendo share ammunition on the battlefield. “We are working together because we are all Congolese,” he mentioned.
Al Jazeera held an interview with Lieutenant-Colonel Guillaume Njike Kaiko, who serves because the spokesperson for the navy governor of North Kivu. The embattled province has been underneath a state of siege and navy governance since 2021. Kaiko affirmed the collaboration between the Wazalendo and the federal government.
“They are partners like any other partner,” he mentioned, alluding to the collaboration between the Congolese authorities, UN peacekeepers and troopers from the Southern African Improvement Group (SADC) deployed to jap DRC. “We have the same objective, which is to push the Rwandan army outside our territorial limits.”
Al Jazeera requested Kaiko twice to reply – sure or no – as as to if or not the Congolese authorities was offering arms to the Wazalendo.
He didn’t reply straight. “The former armed groups, before the war [against M23] had weapons. Where did they get those weapons?” Kaiko replied.
When requested if the federal government had issues about their collaborators within the Wazalendo, significantly given experiences of human rights abuses by the armed teams, Kaiko was brusque. “The Wazalendo are not a trained military. They’ve not been trained in international human rights,” he mentioned. That is why the Wazalendo are the vanguard of every battle, with the FARDC following behind to look at them, Kaiko defined.
“These groups are being given arms and ammunition and logistical support by the Congolese government,” mentioned Verweijen, the tutorial. “That makes the Congolese government responsible for any types of abuses which these groups are committing against the civilian population.”
Damaged households
Households of keen fighters who’ve joined the Wazalendo stay every day with the quieter ache of questioning when and if they may see their youngsters once more.
Each time Ntumba returns to her mom, the lady says a prayer of thanks that her daughter remains to be alive. She is fortunate to have the ability to spend time together with her little one in any respect.
Zawadi Tumsifi – who spoke to Al Jazeera provided that her title be modified – says her daughter joined a Wazalendo group often known as the Coalition of Actions for Change (CMC) final 12 months.
As Tumsifi fled her residence within the M23-occupied Bunagana city together with her six youngsters one early morning two years in the past, her husband was killed by a bomb. “He was very kind,” she remembers quietly.
The household made it additional south into Rutshuru territory the place they stayed for six months earlier than warfare despatched them working once more, this time to a crowded displacement camp on the sting of Goma.
It was exhausting to get sufficient meals to eat, says Tumsifi, who had as soon as made a residing illegally smuggling beer and sugar over the Ugandan border. Whereas talking she started to cry, as she does every time she thinks of her misplaced husband and the life she left behind, shortly wiping her eyes on the nook of her wrap skirt.
In December 2023, Tumsifi ventured into the forest surrounding her displacement camp to seek for firewood. She was raped.
Tales like Tumsifi’s are widespread. A survey by Medical doctors With out Borders, identified by its French initials, MSF discovered that one in 10 ladies residing in displacement camps round Goma had been raped between January and April of 2024. MSF advised Al Jazeera it had handled an extra 620 instances of sexual violence within the month of Could alone, at three of the clinics the place it operates.
After her rape, a physician revealed to Tumsifi that she had been contaminated with HIV/AIDS.
Tumsifi shared the prognosis together with her 19-year-old daughter, who furiously introduced that she would be a part of the Wazalendo. In an exhausted voice, Tumsifi recounted the dialog to Al Jazeera. “She told me, I have no father … now, you are sick. I have no other choice,” she repeated.
The younger girl nonetheless visits the camp to gather water for her fellow fighters in CMC, and brings some for her mom when she does. On one in all these events, she confessed that she was uninterested in combating and wished to go away. Tumsifi tried to barter with a CMC commander, asking him to please enable her daughter to return. However he demanded $300 in alternate, a sum she doesn’t have.
“I hope she survives. I hope she comes back here to look after me,” Tumsifi says.
Girls who stay with the fighters have restricted future choices. Even when the warfare with M23 ends, Byamwungu hopes to stay with the UFPDC. “I am used to being with the Wazalendo,” she says casually. “We have become like one family.”
Ntumba additionally struggles to think about a life for herself away from battles and gunfire. “When this war is over, I’d prefer to stay in the army,” she says. “Maybe if peace is recovered, I can think of having a husband and children.”
The Congolese authorities has indicated that it hopes to combine Wazalendo fighters right into a reserve brigade of the nationwide military.
For Verweijen, it’s a transfer paying homage to previous cycles of battle in DRC, when armed teams had been introduced into the military and promptly rebelled as a result of they had been dissatisfied with their postings.
“We’ve seen a very similar dynamic at the end of the Second Congo War when an agreement was signed between all former belligerent forces to integrate their troops into the FARDC,” she mentioned, referring to a bloody battle that occurred between 1998 and 2001.
“Army integration basically created incentives for returning to the bush, creating more mayhem, and then trying, in another round of integration, to cash in on that mayhem and to obtain more important ranks and positions,” Verweijen added.
However when requested what they hope for the way forward for DRC, the ladies rebels give a easy reply: Peace, they are saying, clutching tightly to their weapons.
Reporting was supported by the Pulitzer Heart.
